{"id":616,"date":"2026-08-13T03:54:33","date_gmt":"2026-08-13T03:54:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/n2-compressor.com\/how-to-calculate-nitrogen-compressor-compression-ratio\/"},"modified":"2026-08-13T06:55:46","modified_gmt":"2026-08-13T06:55:46","slug":"how-to-calculate-nitrogen-compressor-compression-ratio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/n2-compressor.com\/vi\/how-to-calculate-nitrogen-compressor-compression-ratio\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1ch t\u00ednh t\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y n\u00e9n kh\u00ed nit\u01a1"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
\n

T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/h2>\n

T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t h\u00fat, s\u1ed1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

\n

T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y n\u00e9n nit\u01a1 l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa \u00e1p su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y, r = P2_abs \/ P1_abs. Ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n; v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o P1 v\u00e0 P2 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y th\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, v\u00ec v\u1eady gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i sang \u00e1p su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t m\u00e1y n\u00e9n t\u0103ng \u00e1p l\u1ea5y nit\u01a1 t\u1eeb m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi m\u00e1y n\u00e9n h\u00fat kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng. T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ea3, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 t\u00edch, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a van, ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y n\u00e9n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng xi lanh, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed, l\u1ef1c thanh truy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c piston, l\u00e0m m\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh m\u00e1y n\u00e9n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

\"Nitrogen
H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1eeb \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7<\/h2>\n
\n
\n
\u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/dt>\n
\u00c1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u0111o b\u1eb1ng \u00e1p k\u1ebf h\u00fat, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i c\u1eeda h\u00fat.<\/dd>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\u00e1p su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/dt>\n
\u00c1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/dd>\n<\/div>\n
\n
t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e9n<\/dt>\n
P2_abs chia cho P1_abs \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y n\u00e9n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb.<\/dd>\n<\/div>\n
\n
\u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u0111o<\/dt>\n
\u00c1p su\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy chi\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; h\u1eefu \u00edch trong v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7.<\/dd>\n<\/div>\n
\n
t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/dt>\n
\u00c1p su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ra tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i chia cho \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cho m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e9n.<\/dd>\n<\/div>\n
\n
t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t<\/dt>\n
Gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t qua c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc, b\u1ed9 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t, van, b\u1ed9 t\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu.<\/dd>\n<\/div>\n<\/dl>\n

1. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh hai v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c.<\/h2>\n

\u00c1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t b\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y n\u00e9n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf xa, tr\u1eeb khi t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y n\u00e9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf xa. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh sau m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng d\u00e0i, h\u00e3y t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ri\u00eang t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t trung gian v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam \u00e1p su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y n\u00e9n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy v\u1ebft v\u00e0 gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y n\u00e9n v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

2. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 hai \u00e1p su\u1ea5t sang \u00e1p su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/h2>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat ch\u1ec9 4 barg, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh. \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho \u00e1p su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3. Sai l\u1ea7m khi chia hai gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111o s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng khi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat th\u1ea5p v\u00ec \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong m\u1eabu s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c. Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ghi \u201cbara\u201d ho\u1eb7c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean b\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh. N\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kPa, MPa ho\u1eb7c psi, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 nguy\u00ean mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

3. T\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/h2>\n

T\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 r cho \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh cho \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t m\u00e1y ph\u00e1t, b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc h\u00fat b\u1ecb b\u1ea9n, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7t quy tr\u00ecnh cao. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 cao h\u01a1n. T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m tra h\u1eefu \u00edch ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 trang web \u0111\u00f3. t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e9n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y n\u00e9n nit\u01a1<\/a> V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng khi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed9 tinh khi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u00e9o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y n\u00e9n nit\u01a1.<\/p>\n

\"Multi-stage
C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u00fap th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e9n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 trong m\u00e1y.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

4. Ch\u1ec9 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m tra s\u01a1 b\u1ed9.<\/h2>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n t\u1ea7ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t trung gian m\u1ea1nh, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh l\u00e0 r_stage = r_total^(1\/n). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra xem s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng hay kh\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t qua b\u1ed9 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t trung gian v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 t\u00e1ch \u00e1p, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc xi lanh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t van v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc. Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u00e1y n\u00e9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 \u00fd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng nhau. H\u00e3y h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bgi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

5. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 dung t\u00edch.<\/h2>\n

Khi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat gi\u1ea3m trong khi l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t. Khi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat t\u0103ng, t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n gi\u1ea3m nh\u01b0ng m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o t\u0103ng, do \u0111\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao \u201ct\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n\u201d kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t trong t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 van, t\u1eafc ngh\u1ebdn, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhu c\u1ea7u \u1edf ph\u00eda h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u. So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u00e1y.<\/p>\n

\"N2
C\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1ch b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed bao b\u00ec sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 tr\u1ef1c quan s\u1ebd t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e9n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y n\u00e9n kh\u00ed nit\u01a1.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

6. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u trong ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n

Ghi r\u00f5 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e1y n\u00e9n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1eed, ghi l\u1ea1i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u. N\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o h\u00e0nh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean h\u00e3y x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng. M\u00e1y n\u00e9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n kh\u00e1c nhau ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 sau n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean minh b\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e9n<\/h2>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Ki\u1ec3m tra tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng P2\/P1<\/caption>\n
M\u1ee5c<\/th>\nC\u00e2u h\u1ecfi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/th>\nT\u00edn hi\u1ec7u x\u00e1c minh ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
V\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c<\/th>\nLi\u1ec7u P1 v\u00e0 P2 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o t\u1ea1i ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y n\u00e9n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\nT\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t do m\u00e1y m\u00f3c g\u00e2y ra ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
C\u01a1 s\u1edf \u00e1p su\u1ea5t<\/th>\nC\u1ea3 hai gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\nPh\u00e9p t\u00ednh n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ee9 nguy\u00ean.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/th>\nC\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u00fat k\u00e9m v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\nT\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ki\u1ec3m tra giai \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/th>\n\u00c1p su\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u00e0ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng nhau l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng?<\/td>\nS\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u00e1p su\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch xu h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n
Ghi l\u1ea1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o gi\u00e1, h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7m thu ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tfoot>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

B\u1ea3ng t\u00ednh x\u00e1c minh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/h2>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb1ng sau vi\u1ec7c \u201cchuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i sang \u00e1p su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i v\u1eadt l\u00fd li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n. Theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed, nhi\u1ec7t, l\u1ef1c, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c \u201cX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 P&ID ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t. Ghi l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa nh\u00f3m k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m mua h\u00e0ng, h\u00e3y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi trang web. M\u00e1y n\u00e9n N2<\/a> th\u00f4ng tin. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u00e9o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y n\u00e9n nit\u01a1.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c minh \u201cChuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ed1 \u0111o \u00e1p su\u1ea5t sang \u00e1p su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u tra l\u1ed7i sau n\u00e0y. Ghi l\u1ea1i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u0111o, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e1y n\u00e9n, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi duy nh\u1ea5t. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u201ct\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3\u201d v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00fa b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quy tr\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tham chi\u1ebfu. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u00e3y ghi l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i trong c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n. Vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

Ki\u1ec3m tra \u201ct\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n\u201d t\u1ea1i ranh gi\u1edbi n\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Quan s\u00e1t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e9n t\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nh\u1eadn, sau \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u201cT\u00ednh to\u00e1n P2_abs\/P1_abs cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d trong khi l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ghi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i quy tr\u00ecnh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. Khi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3u m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t. Kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb m\u00e1y n\u00e9n kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p t\u1eeb ranh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn ranh gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 sau n\u00e0y nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t quy tr\u00ecnh \u201cL\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c h\u00fat t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft\u201d b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ghi l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u201cbao g\u1ed3m t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng\u201d, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bc\u1ee7a \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u0111o, v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t quan s\u00e1t th\u1ee9 hai li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t. N\u1ebfu hai t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp, h\u00e3y \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i van, t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 ho\u1eb7c logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khi vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c thay th\u1ebf s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

\"Nitrogen
C\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee5m m\u00e1y n\u00e9n kh\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nit\u01a1 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee1 tr\u1ef1c quan s\u1ebd t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y n\u00e9n kh\u00ed nit\u01a1.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Bi\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u201cki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o\u201d th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan s\u00e1t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 pha, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 ngu\u1ed3n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Ghi l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd, b\u1ea3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m tra v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u01a1 s\u1edf. Sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u201cCh\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r_total^(1\/n) l\u00e0m ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 pha\u201d trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn, h\u00e3y t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec ti\u1ebfp theo cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p cho k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tr\u00ed nh\u1edb ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u201cGhi l\u1ea1i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n sau n\u00e0y\u201d. Ghi l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111o ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m tra, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00ed, t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng m\u00e1y n\u00e9n, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed van li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nghi\u1ec7m thu. Ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u00e9o \u00e1p su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cdi\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3\u201d ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh khi quan s\u00e1t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n cho nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p xem x\u00e9t. L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra sau khi s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa v\u00e0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1eed ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u00e9o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho t\u1eebng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trang web n\u00e0y. m\u00e1y n\u00e9n kh\u00ed nit\u01a1 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t trung b\u00ecnh<\/a> trang n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m c\u1ea1nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 chu k\u1ef3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u00e9o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y n\u00e9n nit\u01a1.<\/p>\n

Ranh gi\u1edbi an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 x\u00e1c minh<\/h2>\n

T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cho ph\u00e9p. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n \u0111\u1ec3 suy lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a, b\u1ed9 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t, th\u00f9ng ch\u1ee9a ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng an to\u00e0n \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ed1i \u0111a, c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t van an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1eaft m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t. Khi \u0111\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o \u00e1p su\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00ed nit\u01a1, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch ly v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u00e1p t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh to\u00e1n<\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb (P&ID) ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd bao b\u00ec.<\/li>\n
  2. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ed1 \u0111o \u00e1p su\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i sang \u00e1p su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n
  3. T\u00ednh P2_abs\/P1_abs cho \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n
  4. L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c h\u00fat t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u1ea3 t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
  5. Ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r_total^(1\/n) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/li>\n
  6. Ghi l\u1ea1i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n sau n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e9n<\/h2>\n
    \nT\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?<\/summary>\n

    Kh\u00f4ng. T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, do \u0111\u00f3 cho t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n

    \nT\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n?<\/summary>\n

    Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eaft chung. S\u1ed1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0 van, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, l\u00e0m m\u00e1t, t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n

    \nT\u1ea1i sao t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat thay \u0111\u1ed5i?<\/summary>\n

    V\u00ec m\u1eabu s\u1ed1 \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u00c1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng P2\/P1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00e1p su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n

    Quy t\u1eafc t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e9n<\/h2>\n

    T\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y n\u00e9n nit\u01a1 v\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi m\u00e1y n\u00e9n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 danh ngh\u0129a, v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p. T\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1eefu \u00edch khi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/article>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u00e1y n\u00e9n kh\u00ed nit\u01a1 v\u1ec1 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t h\u00fat tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, k\u00e8m theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-616","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/n2-compressor.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/616","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/n2-compressor.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/n2-compressor.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/n2-compressor.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/n2-compressor.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=616"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/n2-compressor.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/616\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/n2-compressor.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=616"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/n2-compressor.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=616"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/n2-compressor.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=616"}],"curies":[{"name":"trang web","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}